Increased resting-state brain entropy (BEN) in mild-to-moderate depression was decreased by cognitive-behavioral therapy and neurofeedback
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Study at a glance
- Area
- Depression & Mood
- Study type
- Controlled study
- Authors
- Song D, Liu P, Ma X, Chang D, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang Z
- Journal
- Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging
- Year
- 2026
- Participants
- 49 (14 treated: 8 CBT, 6 neurofeedback; 15 untreated; 20 healthy controls)
- Population
- Adults
- Protocol
- Real-time fMRI neurofeedback or CBT
- Equipment
- fMRI
Key findings
- Patients had higher brain entropy than controls in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala/putamen and hippocampus
- The treated group showed lower entropy in all of these regions and lower Beck Depression scores
- Untreated patients showed no significant change
- Brain entropy may serve as an exploratory marker for tracking treatment
This study reanalysed public brain-scan data from medication-free adults with mild-to-moderate depression, some of whom received cognitive-behavioural therapy or real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Before treatment, patients showed more irregular resting activity (higher 'brain entropy') than healthy people in prefrontal and limbic areas. After treatment, this measure fell and depression scores dropped, while untreated patients did not change. The treatment groups were very small, and the two therapies were analysed together.